There used to be four methods of supporting a claim for an exemption. The first two were under a classification known as the “principal use test.” They were a 90-day test and a one-half of the first 6-month test. These two forms of test periods have been suspended. There is now only one test period for the principal use test. It is for 12 months immediately following the possession date.
If you are using the principal use test, then you must do the following:
1. Take possession of an aircraft, vessel, or vehicle outside of the State of California
2. Make first functional use of that aircraft, vessel, or vehicle outside the State of California before it enters our state for the first time
3. It must remain outside the State of California for at least 12 months before it enters the state for the first time, it would be exempt from tax.
Although that may seem onerous enough, there is actually more to it.
1. You must be able to prove without a shadow of a doubt where the aircraft was located when the title was transferred.
2. The definition of first functional use depends on what type of aircraft you purchase.
3. The burden of proof of providing documentation that supports the aircraft “never” landed inside California even once during the 12 months rests entirely on the taxpayer. For example, providing hangar receipts that the aircraft owner paid for a hangar in Medford, Oregon does not prove the aircraft was in the hangar.
4. The documentation will have to support that the aircraft was used and not just stored during the entire year. If there is a long period in the last part of the test period where the property is merely stored and not flown, the auditor can attempt to throw out the storage time as “storage for shipment to California.” If the auditor is able to throw out the last six weeks of your test period and the aircraft enters California in the 13th month, it will be assessed tax.
Additionally, there are two separate ways the new regulation will be enforced. The type of enforcement depends on whether or not the taxpayer is a resident of California. The test period described above is for California residents. If the owner of the aircraft is a non-California resident, the test period is based on the aircraft being stored and used outside California for more than half of the first year.
Before a new aircraft buyer runs out to create an out-of-state LLC or corporation to be able to cut the requirement to six months, here is some additional data. If the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration (CDTFA) discovers the owners or shareholders of an out-of-state company are California residents, they can decide to apply the 12-month requirement. The taxpayer is not the one who gets to decide whether he or she is an out-of-state resident.
The following is intended to give you an idea of how the state determines that a company or person was a California resident. It all starts with wording from the regulation.
Resident
"Resident" means any person who manifests intent to live or be located in this state on more than a temporary or transient basis.
The following is evidence of residency for purposes of vehicle registration:
– (a) Address where registered to vote;
– (b) Location of employment or place of business;
– (c) Payment of resident tuition at a public institution of higher education;
– (d) Attendance of dependents at a primary or secondary school;
– (e) Filing a homeowner's property tax exemption;
– (f) Renting or leasing a home for use as a residence;
– (g) Declaration of residency to obtain a license or any other privilege or benefit not ordinarily extended to a nonresident;
– (h) Possession of a California driver's license;
– (i) Other acts, occurrences, or events that indicate presence in the state is more than temporary or transient.
I tell all my prospective clients, “It does not matter that you are a resident of Ohio, take possession of your aircraft in Florida and register it in a Delaware Corporation. If the aircraft enters the State of California any time within the first 90 days, the state has the right to assess the tax on your purchase and you have the burden of proof to support a claim for an exemption. If the CDTFA contacts you and you ignore them because you think you are an out-of-state resident, the CDTFA will ultimately lien your aircraft or worse - raid your bank account.
THERE IS GOOD NEWS
The good news is that there is an exemption that allows you to bring your aircraft into the State of California and it can be stored inside California and still support a claim for an exemption. It is known as the “commercial interstate flight hours test.”
The restrictions that apply to the principal use test do not apply to the commercial interstate flight hours test (such as California ownership, property taxes, etc.). There are three things you must do and they must be done in the following order:
1. The purchaser must be able to document that he took title to the aircraft outside the State of California.
2. The property must first be functionally used outside the State of California before it enters California for the first time after the out-of-state possession occurs. (As was explained above, this depends on the type of aircraft.) Typically for this form of exemption an interstate flight for a business purpose with passenger on board who is not part of the flight crew is required.
3. It must be flown in interstate commerce for more than half of the flight hours accumulated after the date of first entry into California. Our firm raises the standard to 60%.
This means that if the purchaser has any business that requires him to fly outside the State of California, he is eligible to consider this form of exemption.
The test period is based on flight hours only and does not include the flight hours prior to entering California the first time. The flight hours commencing from the out-of-state possession point to the new destination for a business purpose, then on into California, are not part of the test period but are required in order to get into the test period.
For example, we will create a scenario to explain how it works: Dan Jones is in the manufacturing business, and it is located in California. He purchases a new Citation aircraft and takes possession of it in Kansas. Mr. Jones is a passenger on the jet and his two pilots fly him from Wichita to Denver, Colorado to meet with a client who buys bolts from Mr. Jones’ manufacturing company. After the meeting in Denver, Mr. Jones is flown to Van Nuys, California aboard his new Citation.
The above steps are examples of out-of-state possession, first functional use, and date of first entry into California. The test period has been properly started, but no hours have been calculated yet. Those hours start with the first flight after the date of first entry.
If the aircraft enters the state on March 15, 2005, the test period will end six months later on September 14, 2005. If the aircraft is flown 100 hours during the six months, the regulation requires at least half of the total hours are flown in interstate commerce. Our firm always insists on at least 60% to create a margin of error.
Obviously, this means that 40% of the hours can be a combination of personal or intrastate use. What may be less obvious is exactly how to figure out which hours are on the “good side” of the test and which are on the “bad side.”
Definition of Commercial
The flight hours must be for business purposes. They can be 100% Part 91 hours or a combination of Part 91 and Part 135.
Definition of intrastate vs. interstate
One needs a basic understanding of the definition of interstate and intrastate to start with. An interstate flight is one which commences in one state (or country) and ends in another. For example, flying from Van Nuys, California to Las Vegas, Nevada is an interstate flight. A flight from Van Nuys to Cabo San Lucas, Baja, Mexico also qualifies as an interstate flight.
An intrastate flight is one which commences and terminates in the same state. An example of an intrastate flight would be a flight from Van Nuys to San Francisco. Similarly, a flight from Reno, Nevada to Las Vegas, Nevada is an intrastate flight. For the purpose of this test period, all intrastate flights count on the “bad side” of the test.
What may not be so obvious is that there are three types of flights - not just two. All intrastate flights count on the bad side. All interstate flights for business purposes count on the “good side.” Those are the easy ones to understand. However, there exists a third type and they all fall on the bad side of the test. Any interstate flight that is not supported with documents that establish a business purpose for the flight counts on the “bad side.” An example would be a flight from Van Nuys, California to Aspen, Colorado for skiing. Additionally, an interstate flight where the taxpayer fails to provide documentation to support the business purpose also moves those flight hours to the “bad side.”
How to calculate flight hours
Flight hours are not calculated by airspace. For example, during the principal use test if an aircraft flew from San Diego to Medford, Oregon and the flight took three hours, two hours and forty-five minutes were calculated as being in the air space of California and fifteen minutes was considered to be out-of-state. When the aircraft is supporting a claim for an exemption using the commercial interstate flight hours test, the same three-hour flight from San Diego to Medford counts on the “good side” of the test. This would also include the three-hour return part of the round trip. As long as the aircraft owner can provide documentation from a third party that affirms there was a business reason for his flight to Medford, all the flight time counts as an interstate flight for a business purpose.
The basic difference between the principal use test and the commercial interstate flight hours test.
The principal use test is based primarily on location and storage. It matters little “where” an aircraft is flown during the principal use test as long as the flights occur outside of California. Obviously, in order to complete the 90-day or more than one-half of 6 months test, it is based on time. During that time the taxpayer must primarily prove where the aircraft was located every one of the 90 days. Aircraft spend most of their lives “on the ground.” Therefore, storage documentation becomes very important. The taxpayer must prove where the aircraft is located every minute it is on the ground as well as in the air.
The commercial interstate flight hours test is based solely on the total flight hours during the six-month test period. Therefore, this test is based primarily on flight hours whereas the principal use test is based primarily on storage.
One of the perks of the commercial interstate flight hours test is that the aircraft could be hangared inside California every night of the test period at the airport closest to the owner’s home and still be exempt from tax. For example: Returning to Dan Jones and his new Citation purchase. Presuming that Mr. Jones arrived at Van Nuys on March 15, 2005 (the beginning of the six-month test period) the test period will end on September 14, 2005. During that time, Mr. Jones traveled exclusively between the home office of his company and the regional office in Seattle, Washington. He leaves Van Nuys every Monday morning and returns on Monday evening to Van Nuys. For the purpose of this example, no other flights are made, other than the weekly flights to Seattle. This would mean 100% of the flight hours were for business purposes. (This exceeds our 60% requirement.) It also means the aircraft was on the ground at Van Nuys every night of the test period for the entire six months. With proper documentation, this aircraft will support a claim for an exemption.
If one were to look at the same use of this aircraft from the point of view of the principal use test, which is based primarily on storage, it would be taxable. Therefore, if you can support the business use of an aircraft, this test is perfect for you.